What alpha actually requires
Five conditions, all of them, at once.
Benchmark outperformance on its own is not alpha under this standard. The full definition requires outperformance with controlled drawdown, positive expectancy, efficient risk conversion, clean profit quality, and sustainable acceleration. Any subset produces a different classification: above the model with worse drawdown is probably over-risk, with heavy override use is governance leakage, with weak expectancy is likely variance, and with poor conversion means risk is being wasted rather than deployed.
- Outperformance plus controlled drawdown, but weak EV, reads as variance until it persists.
- Outperformance plus override frequency reads as governance leakage regardless of the equity row.
- Alpha is the intersection of five readings, which is why it is rarer than the equity band suggests.

