Cost one
Forfeited opportunity, and it will be visible.
A gate cap will sometimes bind on a trade that would have been a large winner. A volatility read will sometimes be exactly right about an expansion the system declines to size into. These are not hypothetical — over enough trades they are guaranteed, and they are legible after the fact in a way the avoided losses never are. That asymmetry of visibility is the real danger: the cost of the constraint announces itself with a specific number attached, while the benefit is a distribution of things that did not happen. An operator comparing the two on vividness rather than expectation will always conclude the constraint is expensive.

